Battle of Sekigahara

Coordinates: 35°22′14″N 136°27′42″E / 35.3705°N 136.4616°E / 35.3705; 136.4616
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Sekigahara)
"Sekigahara" redirects here. For other uses, see Sekigahara (disambiguation).
Battle of Sekigahara
Part of the Sengoku period

Edo-period screen depicting the battle
DateOctober 21, 1600
Location
Sekigahara, Mino Province, present-day Gifu Prefecture, Japan
35°22′14″N 136°27′42″E / 35.3705°N 136.4616°E / 35.3705; 136.4616
Result

Eastern army victory

Territorial
changes		 Tokugawa clan gains nominal control of all Japan
Belligerents
Western Army: Forces loyal to Ishida Mitsunari, many clans from Western Japan Eastern Army: Forces loyal to Tokugawa Ieyasu, clans of Eastern Japan
Commanders and leaders
Ishida Mitsunari Executed
Ukita Hideie
Ōtani Yoshitsugu †
Shima Sakon †
Chōsokabe Morichika
Gamō Yorisato †
Shimazu Yoshihiro
Shimazu Toyohisa †
Akashi Takenori
Konishi Yukinaga Executed
Toda Katsushige †
Ankokuji Ekei Executed
Mōri Hidemoto
Natsuka Masaie †
Hiratsuka Tamehiro †
Defected:
Kobayakawa Hideaki
Kikkawa Hiroie
Wakisaka Yasuharu
Kutsuki Mototsuna
Akaza Naoyasu
Ogawa Suketada		 Tokugawa Ieyasu:Overall commander
Ii Naomasa: Supreme field commander[1]
Fukushima Masanori
Tōdō Takatora
Hosokawa Tadaoki
Ikeda Terumasa
Oda Urakusai
Matsudaira Tadayoshi
Kuroda Nagamasa
Takenaka Shigekado
Honda Tadakatsu
Furuta Shigekatsu
Katō Yoshiaki
Terazawa Hirotaka
Ikoma Kazumasa
Tsutsui Sadatsugu
Horio Tadauji
Kanamori Nagachika
Asano Yoshinaga
Yamauchi Katsutoyo
Kyōgoku Takatomo
Strength
120,000 initially,[2]
81,890 by the time of battle[3]		 75,000 initially,[2]
88,888 by the time of battle[3]
Casualties and losses
8,000–32,000[4] killed
~23,000 defected		 4,000–10,000[5] killed
Battle of Sekigahara is located in Gifu Prefecture
Battle of Sekigahara
class=notpageimage|
Location within Gifu Prefecture
Battle of Sekigahara is located in Japan
Battle of Sekigahara
Battle of Sekigahara (Japan)

The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: 関ヶ原の戦い; Kyūjitai: 關ヶ原の戰い, Hepburn romanization: Sekigahara no Tatakai) was a historical battle in Japan which occured on October 21, 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu Prefecture, Japan, at the end of the Sengoku period. This battle was fought by the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu against a coalition of Toyotomi loyalist clans under Ishida Mitsunari, several of which defected before or during the battle, leading to a Tokugawa victory. The Battle of Sekigahara was the largest battle of Japanese feudal history and is often regarded as the most important. Mitsunari's defeat led to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate.

The battle of Sekigahara is considered as the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate establishment, which ruled Japan for another two and a half centuries until 1868.[6]

Background[edit]

The final years of Toyotomi Hideyoshi reign was turbulent, as his new heir, Toyotomi Hideyori, was only 5 years old during the death of Hideyoshi. this caused power vacuum over Japan.[7][8]

Feuding factions[edit]

Katō Kiyomasa and other generals opposed against Mitsunari and Konishi Yukinaga. Tokugawa Ieyasu gathering both Kiyomasa and Masanori to his cause in a bid to challenge the Toyotomi clan.[9] At this moment, the political tension was high in the capital as rumors of assassination attempts towards Ieyasu float, while a son of Maeda Toshiie, Toshinaga, were accused of being involved in the conspiracy and forced to submit to Ieyasu.[9] Uesugi Kagekatsu, one of Hideyoshi's regents, stand against Ieyasu by building up his army, which Ieyasu officially questioned and demand answer about Kagekatsu's suspicious activity to Kyoto. Naoe Kanetsugu, responded with a mocking letter towards Ieyasu's own violations of Hideyoshi's orders.[10]

At first, Mitsunari want to use Gifu Castle and Ōgaki Castle as choke points to impede the Eastern army advances.[11] However, several developments of war forced him to abort the plan as:

This forced Mitsunari to prepare for the open engagement on the field of Sekigahara.[11]

However, one day before the battle begin, which in September 14, there is a secret talks from the camp of Mōri clan, particularly by Kikkawa Hiroie, with the enemy that they would side with the Eastern army on the condition they would be pardoned after the war. This secret talk which based according to historical documents that contains correspondencies between Kikkawa Hiroie with Kuroda Yoshitaka and Kuroda Nagamasa would affect the aftermath of the battle. This was though by modern historian Watanabe Daimon as anticipation from the Mōri side if the Eastern army won the battle.[21]

Mitsunari, met with Ōtani Yoshitsugu, Mashita Nagamori and Ankokuji Ekei and conspired to raise anti-Tokugawa army, then they also appoint Mōri Terumoto to be the overall commander. They formed what came to be referred to as the Western Army. Mōri immediately marched and capture the Osaka Castle, while the main army of Tokugawa were still on their way to suppress Kagekatsu.[22]

Ishida wanted to reinforce Terumoto and further establish the frontline bases such as Gifu Castle which at that time were commanded by son of Oda Nobunaga, Oda Hidenobu.[7] As preparation for the inevitable conflict, Ieyasu had also bought massive amounts of Tanegashima (gun) matchlock .[23] Realized that the Tokugawa army heads to Osaka castle, Mitsunari then marched to Sekigahara in attempt to race his enemy.[23]

On October 20, 1600, Ieyasu learned that Ishida Mitsunari had deployed his troops at Sekigahara in a defensive position. They had been following the Western Army, and benefited from considerably better weather.

The battle[edit]

At dawn on October 21, 1600, the Tokugawa advance guard stumbled into Ishida's army. Neither side saw each other because of the dense fog caused by the earlier rain. Both sides panicked and withdrew, but each was now aware of their adversary's presence.[23] Mitsunari placed his position in defensive formation, while Ieyasu deployed his forces south of the Western Army position Last-minute orders were issued and the battle began. Traditional opinion has stated the battle were started around 8:00 am.[24] However, recent Japanese historian researches suggest that the battle were actually start at 10:00 am.[25]

The battle started when Ii Naomasa, who was heavily involved in the Battle of Gifu Castle before, immediately commanded his notable 3,600 crimson clad Ii no Akazoane (Ii's red devils) units to attack the center of the Western army.[26][27] Meanwhile, Watanabe Daimon offered explanation that by many indications of the battle records, the assignment of Naomasa as Ichiban-yari or the first unit to charge the enemy when the battle started, were already settled before the battle, while Masanori has agreed with Naomasa intention to led the first attack, since Daimon argued that Naomasa was appointed by Ieyasu as supreme field commander who were responsible for all commands and strategies during the clash in Sekigahara.[b]

Naomasa charged onwards with 30 spearmen clashed with the ranks of the Western army.[28] Meanwhile, Fukushima Masanori charging forth from his position on the outer left wing formation which located on the Fuji River against the right central where Western Army general Ukita Hideie located.[23] As the battle progressed, Masanori steadily gaining ground, until his flank was struck by the troops of Ōtani Yoshitsugu.[23]

At this point, the battle entered a deadlock. Ōta Gyūichi - who was present at the battle - wrote in his chronicle that "friends and foes are pushing each other" and "gunfire thunders while hails of arrows fly in the sky...".[29][30] The artilleries from the Liefde, the trading ship that English sailor William Adams came to Japan on, were used by Tokugawa's army at this battle.[31]

Kobayakawa changes sides[edit]

The battle depicted on folding screens
The battle
Three Japanese arquebus depicted
Japanese arquebus (Tanegashima) of the Edo era

Kobayakawa Hideaki was one of the daimyō who had been courted by Tokugawa. There are two versions regarding the timeline of Hideaki's defection:

  • The conventional theory regarding Hideaki's defection has stated that the defection was occured half-way of the battle. Although he had agreed to defect to the Tokugawa side beforehand, during the actual battle, Hideaki was allegedly hesitant and remained neutral, and is reported to have joined the battle only around noon as a member of the Eastern Army. Some later historical accounts claim that as the battle grew more intense, Ieyasu finally ordered his arquebuses to fire at Kobayakawa's position on Mount Matsuo to force a choice.[32] This version were allegedly originated from an anecdote about Hideaki which surfaced from Edo period.[25]
  • Modern Japanese researchers of Sekigahara battle such as Jun Shiramine and Junji Mitsunare more leaned to the theory that Kobayakawa Hideaki's defection rather opined that Hideaki were already defected to the side of Tokugawa from the start of the battle, based on the correspondence documents between Hideaki and Kuroda Nagamasa before the battle, the disposition of Otani Yoshitsugu's army position which allegedly already aware of Hideaki's potential betrayal at the start of the battle,[25] and the sheer distance between the Eastern Army positions and Kobayakawa's, far out of range of arquebuses and likely too far for a shot to even be heard, make this very unlikely. Historian Shiramine Jun has argued that the defection of Hideaki occured from the start of the battle, not in later stages,[32] and that the "story about Ieyasu ordering ‘cannon-shot’ into his ranks to push Hideaki defection was unverified and unreliable story."[32]

Regardless of what actually transpired, in the end Kobayakawa forces has overwhelmed Yoshitsugu's position. Yoshitsugu's forces had dry gunpowder, so they opened fire on the turncoats, making the charge of 16,000 men mostly ineffective.[24] However, Ōtani's troops were already engaging against forces under the command of Tōdō Takatora and Oda Yūraku when Kobayakawa charged. At this point, the buffer Ōtani had established was outnumbered. Seeing this, Western Army daimyos Wakisaka Yasuharu, Ogawa Suketada, Akaza Naoyasu and Kutsuki Mototsuna switched sides, turning the tide of battle.[33]

Fall of the Western Army[edit]

Watanabe Daimon stated that one of most notable cracks within the Western Army forces was apparent from Ukita Hideie's front. On this field, forces of Hideie began to wane and steadily overcame by the forces of Fukushima Masanori due to their difference of qualities.[34] It was said that the reason of the difference of Ukita and Fukushima soldiers cohesion as due to the Ukita clan's riot before the war, which caused many senior samurai vassals of Ukita clan defected to the side of Tokugawa.[35] This caused Ukita Hideie entered the battle of Sekigahara by recruiting freelance Rōnin mercenaries to fill the gap left of his army. This proven fatal in long duration battles against the more disciplined and trained regular army of Fukushima clan, as the Ukita clan ranks now began to broke their cohesions and finally collapsed under pressure despite they outnumbered the forces of Fukushima Masanori.[34]

Meanwhile, Ōtani Yoshitsugu also retreated as he saw his forces outnumbered. This left the Western Army's right flank wide open, so Fukushima and Kobayakawa began to roll it up. Thus Ishida's right flank was destroyed and his centre was being pushed back, so he retreated.[24]

Edo period screen depicting the Battle of Sekigahara – 160,000 men fought on 21 October 1600.

As Hidemoto trying to aid his allies, Kikkawa Hiroie refused to cooperate and, stating he was still eating. Hiroie also obsructed Chōsokabe troops to march and attacking the Tokugawa forces.[36] since Mitsunari forces crumbles and no reinforcements could reach him, the battle was decided.[24] Ii Naomasa immediately took his chance to charge further, until he reached the position of Yoshihiro Shimazu. This caused the Shimazu troops to turn and withdraw, which Ii kept pushing in pursuit. However, Ii was incapacitated during the pursuit by rifle shot from a Shimazu soldier.[37] The Western Army disintegrated .[38] Shima Sakon now suddenly fought the troops of Kuroda Nagamasa, who had taken a detour on the north to flank the Mitsunari and Sakon positions.[39] In the end, Sakon was shot and fatally wounded by a round from an arquebus[40] Ōtani Yoshitsugu also fallen after committed suicide.[41] Mōri Terumoto and his forces had remained entrenched at Osaka Castle rather than join the battle, and later quietly surrendered to Tokugawa.[c] Ishida himself was later executed.[38]

Late arrivals[edit]

Tokugawa Hidetada, who command large army of Tokugawa forces, has been bogged in the Siege of Ueda against Sanada Masayuki.[42]

Meanwhile, 15,000 soldiers of Western Army were being held up by 500 troops under Hosokawa Yūsai at Siege of Tanabe in Maizuru, Kyoto Prefecture.[43] Some of those 15,000 troops respected Hosokawa. Due to these incidents, large numbers of soldiers from both Eastern and Western Army did not participated in Sekigahara.[44]

Aftermath[edit]

Tokugawa Ieyasu redistributed domains accordingly for many of his allies who assisted him to won the battle.[45] the distribution were as following:[46]

However, it was noted by historians that Ieyasu only gave very small domain increases for his own prime generals, the Shitennō (Tokugawa clan), which consisted of Ii Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa, in comparisons for the likes of other daimyo lords who just entered Tokugawa ranks during this battle.[49][47] Although it was argued that the relatively disproportionate rewards for them were due to their own decision to decline the offer for sharp increases for their domain rewards.[50][51][52]

One moths later, In November 6, Ishida Mitsunari, Konishi Yukinaga and Ankokuji Ekei was captured and then executed.[38]

in 1603, Ieyasu officially appointed as shōgun by Emperor Go-Yōzei,[53][38][7] this battle was perceived as the beginning of stability in the country of Japan. In 1664, Hayashi Gahō, Tokugawa historian and rector of Yushima Seidō, has wrote his elegy:

Evil-doers and bandits were vanquished and the entire realm submitted to Lord Ieyasu, praising the establishment of peace and extolling his martial virtue. That this glorious era that he founded may continue for ten thousands upon ten thousands of generations, coeval with heaven and earth.[54]

There are about 87 daimyo lords who has their domains confiscated and their power stripped due to their support for Mitsunari during the war.[55] Meanwhile, the Chōsokabe clan, headed by Chōsokabe Morichika, was stripped of its title and domain of Tosa Province and reward it to Yamauchi Kazutoyo as recognition of his loyalty during the war.[56] Former Chōsokabe retainers never quite came to terms with the new ruling family, the Yamauchi clan. Ii Naomasa sent military reinforcements to assist Yamauchi Kazutoyo pacifying rebellion of Chōsokabe clan vassals in Tosa.[57] Naomasa sent his vassal, Suzuki Hyōe, along with an army that carried by 8 ships to help Kazutoyo, who finally pacified the area in 5 weeks, after killing about 273 enemies.[58][59]

Sekigahara battlefield memorials, in April 2005

In 1931, the location of Sekigahara battle now became Monuments of Japan. It marked the position of Ieyasu, Mitsunari, and Ōtani Yoshitsugu death location.[60]

Statistics & chronology[edit]

Commanders of Eastern Army (Tokugawa Force)
Tokugawa Ieyasu (head of the alliance): 30,000 men
Maeda Toshinaga
Date Masamune
Katō Kiyomasa: 3,000 men
Fukushima Masanori: 6,000 men
Hosokawa Tadaoki: 5,000 men
Numata Jakō
Asano Yoshinaga: 6,510 men
Ikeda Terumasa: 4,560 men
Kuroda Nagamasa: 5,400 men
Katō Yoshiaki: 3,000 men
Komatsuhime
Tanaka Yoshimasa: 3,000 men
Tōdō Takatora: 2,490 men
Sanada Nobuyuki
Mogami Yoshiaki
Yamauchi Katsutoyo: 2,058 men
Hachisuka Iemasa
Honda Tadakatsu: 500 men
Terazawa Hirotaka: 2,400 men
Ikoma Kazumasa: 1,830 men
Ii Naomasa: 3,600 men
Matsudaira Tadayoshi: 3,000 men
Oda Nagamasu: 450 men
Tsutsui Sadatsugu: 2,850 men
Kanamori Nagachika: 1,140 men
Tomita Nobutaka: 1,300 men
Yuki no Kata
Okaji no Kata
Furuta Shigekatsu: 1,200 men
Wakebe Mitsuyoshi
Horio Tadauji
Nakamura Kazutada
Arima Toyouji: 900 men
Kyōgoku Takatomo: 3,000 men
Kuki Moritaka
Commanders of Western Army (Ishida Force)
Mōri Terumoto (official head of the alliance) (not present)
Ishida Mitsunari (de facto head of the alliance): 4,000 men
Niwa Nagashige
Uesugi Kagekatsu
Maeda Toshimasa (Brother of Maeda Toshinaga)
Ukita Hideie: 17,000 men
Shimazu Yoshihiro: 1,500 men
Kobayakawa Hideaki (defected): 15,600 men
Konishi Yukinaga: 4,000 men
Mashita Nagamori
Ogawa Suketada (defected): 2,100 men
Ōtani Yoshitsugu: 600 men
Ōtani Yoshikatsu: 3,500 men
Wakisaka Yasuharu (defected): 990 men
Ankokuji Ekei: 1,800 men
Satake Yoshinobu
Oda Hidenobu
Chōsokabe Morichika: 6,600 men
Kutsuki Mototsuna (defected): 600 men
Akaza Naoyasu (defected): 600 men
Kikkawa Hiroie (defected): 3,000 men
Natsuka Masaie: 1,500 men
Mōri Hidemoto: 15,000 men
Tachibana Ginchiyo
Toda Katsushige: 1,500 men
Sanada Masayuki
Sanada Yukimura: 40
Shima Sakon: 1,000 men
Gamo Yorisato: 1,000 men
Shimazu Toyohisa: 750 men
Kuki Yoshitaka
Vassals of the Toyotomi: 2,000 men

Below is the participants of the battle ○ = Main daimyōs who participated in the Battle of Sekigahara

● = Daimyōs who defected

Daimyō Kokudaka (ten thousands) Daimyō Kokudaka (ten thousands)
Western Army Mōri Terumoto 121.0 Eastern Army Tokugawa Ieyasu ○ 256.0
Uesugi Kagekatsu 120.0 Maeda Toshinaga 84.0
Satake Yoshinobu 54.0 Date Masamune 58.0
Shimazu Yoshihiro ○ 73.0 Katō Kiyomasa 20.0
Ukita Hideie ○ 57.0 Fukushima Masanori ○ 24.0
Ishida Mitsunari ○ 19.4 Hosokawa Tadaoki ○ 18.0
Konishi Yukinaga ○ 20.0 Asano Yoshinaga ○ 16.0
Mashita Nagamori 20.0 Ikeda Terumasa ○ 15.0
Ogawa Suketada ● 7.0 Kuroda Nagamasa ○ 18.0
Ōtani Yoshitsugu ○ 5.0 Katō Yoshiaki ○ 10.0
Wakisaka Yasuharu ● 3.0 Tanaka Yoshimasa ○ 10.0
Ankokuji Ekei ○ 6.0 Tōdō Takatora ○ 11.0
Kobayakawa Hideaki ● 37.0 Mogami Yoshiaki 24.0
Oda Hidenobu 13.5 Yamauchi Kazutoyo ○ 6.0
Chōsokabe Morichika ○ 22.0 Hachisuka Yoshishige 17.7
Kutsuki Mototsuna ● 2.0 Honda Tadakatsu ○ (10.0)
Akaza Naoyasu ● 2.0 Terazawa Hirotaka ○ 8.0
Kikkawa Hiroie ● (14.2) Ikoma Kazumasa ○ 15.0
Natsuka Masaie ○ 5.0 Ii Naomasa ○ (12.0)
Mōri Hidemoto ○ (20.0) Matsudaira Tadayoshi ○ 13.0
Toda Katsushige ○ 1.0 Tsutsui Sadatsugu ○ 20.0
Sanada Masayuki 4.0 Kyōgoku Takatomo ○ 10.0


Below is a chronology of the events leading up to the final battle of Sekigahara 1600:

Cultural depictions[edit]

The Battle of Sekigahara has many depiction in modern time, Ryōtarō Shiba worked historical novel titled Sekigahara in the 1960s. James Clavell's worked on his 1975 novel, Shōgun, as historical-fiction depiction of the battle.[61] Tokyo Broadcasting System aired a television miniseries about the subject in January 1981, also entitled Sekigahara [ja],

The 2000 video game Kessen is set during the conflict between the Tokugawa and Toyotomi clans, and features the Battle of Sekigahara.[62] video game Nioh also portray events related with the Sekigahara battle.[63]

Appendix[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ the memorandum about Sekigahara campaign has theorized that the castle was still not fallen at that moment. However, Yoshihiro saw the smoke soared high from the Ogaki castle and though the castle already fallen.[20]
  2. ^ If the theory was true, Professor Watanabe Daimon surmissed that this means Ii Naomasa acted as both of supreme commander and Ichiban-Yari unit.[1]
  3. ^ A theory exists that Mori Terumoto betrayed the Western Alliance and made a secret agreement with Tokugawa, rather than simply being misplaced or cowardly. Professor Yoshiji Yamasaki of Toho University is one advocate of the theory. If such a neutrality-for-territorial-preservation agreement existed, then it badly backfired on Mōri, as Mōri lands were reduced afterward, and some Mōri faction troops did indeed fight for the Alliance's side at Sekigahara rather than stay neutral.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Watanabe Daimon (2023). "関ヶ原合戦で東軍を勝利に導いた井伊直政は、本当に抜け駆けをしたのか". yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  2. ^ a b Davis 1999, p. 204.
  3. ^ a b Bryant 1995.
  4. ^ 『関原軍記大成』
  5. ^ 『関原合戦記』
  6. ^ "Battle of Sekigahara | Summary, Facts, & Outcome | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-06-22.
  7. ^ a b c Davis 1999, p. 205.
  8. ^ Bryant 1995, p. 8.
  9. ^ a b Bryant 1995, p. 10.
  10. ^ Bryant 1995, pp. 12, 89.
  11. ^ a b Tetsuo Owada (2013). 図解関ヶ原合戦までの90日: 勝敗はすでに決まっていた! [Illustrated 90 Days to the Battle of Sekigahara: The Victory or Defeat Has Already Been Determined!] (in Japanese). PHP研究所. p. 53. ISBN 4569815545. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  12. ^ 尾西市史 通史編 · Volume 1 [Onishi City History Complete history · Volume 1] (in Japanese). 尾西市役所. 1998. p. 242. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  13. ^ 参謀本部 (1911), "石川貞清三成ノ陣ニ赴ク", 日本戦史. 関原役 [Japanese military history], 元真社
  14. ^ Mitsutoshi Takayanagi (1964). 新訂寛政重修諸家譜 6 (in Japanese). Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  15. ^ Mori Rintarō (1991). A. Dilworth, David; Thomas Rimer, J. (eds.). The historical fiction of Mori Ōgai. University of Hawaii Press. p. 345. ISBN 9780824813666. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  16. ^ Fujii Jizaemon (1979). 関ヶ原合戦史料集 [Sekigahara Team History Collection] (in Japanese). 藤井治左衛門. p. 421. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  17. ^ Tadachika Kuwata (1977). 戦国時代の謎と怪異 (in Japanese). 日本文芸社. p. 191. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  18. ^ Takashi Suzuki (2006). 大垣藩戶田家の見聞書 二百年間集積史料「御家耳袋」 (in Japanese). 愛文書林. p. 32. ISBN 4872940520. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  19. ^ 岐阜県 (1965). 岐阜県史 Volume 6 (in Japanese). 巌南堂書店. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  20. ^ 大重平六覚書 [Memorandum of Ōshige Heiroku] (in Japanese). Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  21. ^ Watanabe Daimon (2023). "関ヶ原合戦の前日、毛利輝元は本領安堵を条件として、徳川家康と和睦していた". yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  22. ^ Bryant 1995, pp. 12, 90.
  23. ^ a b c d e Davis 1999, p. 206.
  24. ^ a b c d Davis 1999, p. 207.
  25. ^ a b c yujirekishima (2023). "関ヶ原合戦と小早川秀秋…近年の研究動向を踏まえ、裏切りの真相にアプローチ！". Sengoku-his (in Japanese). sengoku-his.com. Retrieved 27 May 2024. referencing : Jun Shiramine, New Interpretation: The Truth of the Battle of Sekigahara: The Dramatized Battle of Tenka (Miyatai Publishing, 2014); Hiroyuki Shiba, "Tokugawa Ieyasu – From the lord of the border to the ruler of the nation" (Heibonsha, 2017) & "Illustrated Guide to Toyotomi Hideyoshi" edited by Hiroyuki Shiba (Ebisu Kosho Publishing, 2022)
  26. ^ Stephen Turnbull (2012, p. 48)
  27. ^ Anthony J. Bryant (2013)
  28. ^ James Murdoch (1996). A History of Japan Volume 2. Routledge. p. 417. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  29. ^ Bryant 1995, p. 65.
  30. ^ Kamaluddin. Kusumawati, Riana (ed.). THE SPIRIT OF SAMURAI (in Indonesian). MEGA PRESS NUSANTARA. p. 78. ISBN 9786238313402. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  31. ^ Cannon use during the winter siege of Osaka.
  32. ^ a b c Turnbull, Stephen (28 August 2019). "The battle of Sekigahara – what went right?". Osprey Publishing. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  33. ^ Bryant 1995, p. 73.
  34. ^ a b Watanabe Daimon (2023). "福島正則は関ヶ原本戦で宇喜多秀家を打ち破り、東軍を勝利に導いた". yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 3 June 2024. Watanabe Daimon, The Complete History of the Battle of Sekigahara 1582-1615 (Soshisha, 2021)
  35. ^ 大西泰正 (2010). 豊臣期の宇喜多氏と宇喜多秀家 (in Japanese). 岩田書院. p. 99. ISBN 9784872946123. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  36. ^ Bryant 1995, pp. 66, 68.
  37. ^ Stephen Turnbull (2011, p. 63-4)
  38. ^ a b c d Bryant 1995, p. 80.
  39. ^ Morgan Pitelka (2016, p. 118-42)
  40. ^ Bryant 1995, p. 51.
  41. ^ Bryant 1995, p. 79.
  42. ^ Bryant 1995, pp. 89–90.
  43. ^ "Tanabe Castle Profile". jcastle.info. Archived from the original on 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
  44. ^ Bryant 1995, p. 91.
  45. ^ Bryant 1995, p. 82.
  46. ^ a b Watanabe Daimon (2023). "関ヶ原合戦後、徳川家康が東軍諸将を大幅に加増し、厚遇した当たり前の理由" [The obvious reason why Tokugawa Ieyasu gave large increases to the Eastern Army generals and treated them well after the Battle of Sekigahara]. yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  47. ^ a b Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2011). Japanese Tea Ceremony Cha-No-Yu. Tuttle Publishing. p. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=pS_RAgAAQBAJ&newbks=. ISBN 9781462903597. Retrieved 29 April 2024. Cite error: The named reference "Japanese Tea Ceremony Cha-No-Yu" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  48. ^ "朝日日本歴史人物事典「藤堂高虎」の解説". kotobank. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  49. ^ 山鹿高興 (1918). "15. Sakakibara Yasumasa". 武家事紀 [military history]. Tokyo: 山鹿素行先生全集刊行会. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
  50. ^ 館林市史編さん委員会 (2016). 館林市史　通史編2　近世館林の歴史 [Tatebayashi City History General History Part 2 Early Modern Tatebayashi History]. 館林市.
  51. ^ Ōtaki-cho, (Chiba-ken) (1991). Ōtaki-cho shi (大多喜町史). Ōtaki-cho. p. 479.
  52. ^ Harold Bolitho (1968). "Reviewed Work: Politics in The Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600-1843 by Conrad D. Totman". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 28. Harvard-Yenching Institute: 216–7. JSTOR 2718602. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  53. ^ Davis 1999, p. 208.
  54. ^ Hoffman, Michael (2006-09-10). "A man in the soul of Japan". Japan Times. Tokyo.
  55. ^ Norman Basil Lvov (1976). Japanese daily life from the stone age to the present. Carlton Press. p. 162. ISBN 9780806204710. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  56. ^ Constantine Nomikos Vaporis Ph.D. (2019, p. 79)
  57. ^ Constantine Nomikos Vaporis Ph.D. (2019, p. 79)
  58. ^ Constantine Nomikos Vaporis Ph.D. (2019, p. 370)
  59. ^ John Whitney Hall. Marius B. Jansen, Marius B. Jansen (ed.). Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan. Princeton University Press. pp. 117–8. ISBN 9781400868957. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  60. ^ "関ヶ原古戦場" [Sekigahara ko-senjō] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs.
  61. ^ Shogun: The facts behind the fiction
  62. ^ Sekigahara: The Unification of Japan (2011)
  63. ^ A Guide To The Real-Life Figures In Nioh

Bibliography[edit]

Paul Davis references[edit]

Paul Davis used the following sources to compile the chapter "Sekigahara, 21 October 1600" in 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present "Sekigahara, 21 October 1600."

  • De Lange, William. Samurai Battles: The Long Road to Unification Groningen: Toyo Press, 2020
  • Sadler, A.L. The Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu London: George Allen & Unwin, 1937
  • Sansom, George. A History of Japan from 1334–1615 Stanford University Press, 1961
  • Turnbull, Stephen. The Samurai: A Military History New York: Macmillan, 1977

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sekigahara&oldid=1227128304"